Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Children
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Overview
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), now called Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), is the most common chronic liver condition affecting children and adolescents today. NAFLD happens when excess fat accumulates inside liver cells. Normally, the liver processes fat, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into energy and important proteins. When this balance is disturbed, fat builds up abnormally in the liver.
Stages of NAFLD
NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver conditions in children, progressing through stages:
Fat accumulation in liver cells without inflammation.
Fat buildup accompanied by inflammation and liver cell damage.
Scarring develops in the liver due to ongoing damage.
Advanced scarring causing the liver to harden and develop nodules, impairing its function.
Risk Factors for Developing NAFLD in Children
Children may be at increased risk for NAFLD (MASLD) if they:
- Are overweight or obese
- Have insulin resistance or elevated blood sugar levels
- Have type 2 diabetes
- Consume unhealthy diets and have low physical activity
- Have high cholesterol or abnormal blood fats (dyslipidemia)
- Have sleep apnea (irregular breathing during sleep)
- Have a family history or genetic predisposition (though how genetics contribute is not fully understood)
Other Conditions to Rule Out
Before confirming NAFLD, doctors will exclude other causes of liver fat accumulation or damage such as:
- Malnutrition
- Certain diseases like cystic fibrosis
- Receiving nutrition via intravenous feeding
- Side effects of specific medications
Signs and Symptoms of NAFLD in Children
Often, NAFLD (MASLD) causes no symptoms in early stages. Symptoms typically appear when liver damage becomes more severe and may include:
- Discomfort or pain in the abdomen
- Fatigue or tiredness
- Irritability or mood changes
- Headaches
- Difficulty concentrating
- Skin changes, especially near joints or on the back of the neck and upper back
If the disease progresses to cirrhosis, additional symptoms may include:
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
- Itchy skin
- Swelling or fluid buildup in the abdomen
- Easy bruising
- Dark urine
How is NAFLD Diagnosed in Children?
There is no single test to diagnose NAFLD (MASLD). Often, children are diagnosed incidentally during routine blood tests or ultrasound scans done for other reasons. In some cases, a liver biopsy may be recommended to confirm diagnosis and evaluate liver damage.
An open and honest conversation about your child’s lifestyle and health with their medical provider is essential, as early liver disease can have very subtle or no symptoms.
Can NAFLD Be Prevented?
While genetics and environmental factors play a role, it is possible to reduce your child’s risk of developing NAFLD by:
- Encouraging a balanced and healthy diet
- Promoting regular physical activity
- Managing related medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol
How is NAFLD Treated in Children?
Currently, no medications are specifically approved to treat NAFLD (MASLD) in children. However, lifestyle changes are effective in reducing liver fat and improving liver health:
- Weight loss through healthy eating and reducing junk food consumption
- Increasing physical activity regularly
- Consulting with a dietitian or nutrition expert to develop a sustainable meal plan
How Can Liver Transplantation Portal Help You?
At Liver Transplantation Portal, we connect families with pediatric liver specialists and nutrition experts to provide comprehensive support for children with NAFLD. If advanced liver disease develops, we guide you through treatment options, including liver transplantation, to ensure your child receives expert care tailored to their needs.
Why Choose Liver Transplantation Portal?
Our platform is committed to supporting children’s liver health through expert guidance, compassionate care, and access to top medical professionals. Whether managing early NAFLD or navigating advanced disease, Liver Transplantation Portal is here to assist every step of the way.
Contact us today to learn more about NAFLD in children and how we can help protect your child’s liver health.